Barnes and Noble vs Amazon Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Barnes and Noble vs Amazon - Essay Example Amazon goes global Bezos, who invented Amazon Company, has been always fought against negative predictions, which outlined that the Company should have bankrupted in 2001. Jeff Bezos claims that he is a very happy person and he likes managing his personnel. Bezos readily takes risk and he thinks that it is important to avoid risk in any enterprise. Amazon had a challenging situation and a difficult financial situation in 2002 showed that it suffered $3 billion operating losses. Currently Amazon plays a leading role in online market practices. Starting from 1994 book sales market was not overcrowded by the competitors. Amazon gained one of the leading roles in the market at that time (Isckia 334). Jeff Bezos has always been focused on sales increase, but not only financial gains interested him, but also a high-level satisfaction of the customers gained. Advertising in printed media and on TV were the most saving tactics for Bezos and his company. Innovative practices of many businesse s are on the way of their fast development and Amazon illustrates their ability to be a sound competitor in the modern market of book sales. Nowadays Amazon is providing â€Å"wider selection, lower prices and fast, reliable delivery† (Joshi & Yermish 2000, p. 18). ... Bezos has been always focused on long-term profit gains and he did not focus on near-term profitability.  An individual-centered approach was chosen by Amazon as the most reasonable policy. It was very important for products' differentiation and price policy to pay attention for every individual. Amazon was on the way of innovative development. Thus, it took into account opportunities opened by the Internet. Products availability on the web was one of the main concerns for the Company. In the result of Company's going virtual, it has experienced the following positive changes: traffic improved goods availability on the web; Amazon promoted a market share; financial losses of the Company were decreased; cash flow operation was significantly improved; profitability was one of the main concerns for the company; Amazon gained a position of a profitable business. Amazon can be distinguished by the following factors: â€Å"price, selection, availability, convenience, information, discov ery, brand recognition, personalized services, accessibility, customer service, reliability, speed of delivery, ease of use and ability to adapt to changing conditions† (Kargar 2004, p. 102). Currently, retail sales of Amazon are rather diverse: from selling DVDs, videos, electronics, camera and photo items, cell phones and services, tools and hardware, software, video games, kitchen and house ware products (Whittaker 2004, p. 24). It is possible to claim that Amazon exceeds the limits of a traditional book seller. Initially this Company intended to occupy a position of a successful bookseller, but with a course of time the world's leading position in different spheres of trade were occupied by Amazon too. Jeff Bezos shows a

Tourism individual report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Tourism individual report - Essay Example This means a lot more has to be done in different areas to achieve this dream. This report is going to analyze the economic, social and political contexts in the development of Hong Kong as a tourist destination, evaluate and come up with recommendations as to the future opportunities and challenges facing Hong Kong. The report will include the manner in which Hong Kong has responded to impacts of the named development factors and the policies in has put in place. Table of Context 1. Introduction ........................................................................................................4 2. Literature Review................................................................................................7 3. SWOT Analysis .................................................................................................10 a. Strengths and Weaknesses†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢ € ¦..10 b. Challenges and Opportunities†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.11 4. Future of Hong Kong...........................................................................................13 5. Conclusion............................................................................................................14 1. ... The overall visitors flocking into the city was over 36 million in 2010. Of this number, long-haul arrivals were approximated to be 4.8 million and mainland arrivals to be 8.2 million. The destination has witnessed a string growth when it comes to the number of visitors from the Mainland as well as both the short and long-haul markets which have doubled over the years. The long-haul visitors mainly come from Africa, Europe, and the Middle East making Hong Kong the leading performing market. Hong Kong has been facing stiff competition from Macau and other Mainland cities and the Hong Kong Tourism Board has reacted to this by working close with the trade and authorities to ensure that Hong Kong remains a multi-itineraries destination. It intraregional tourism has witnessed a rapid increase over the years as it has been receiving more regional short-haul tourists. In addition, the rapprochement between China and Taiwan as well as the China’s economy that has been booming over the years have led to desirable changes in the visitor’s arrivals composition to the destination. However, the political environment and the switch in sovereignty to China from Britain have impacted its current markets and are expected to continue impacting its future strategies and position. Travel and Tourism is now considered as a strategic industry in Hong Kong and is being developed to become a socialist’s market economy. The current situation at Hong Kong has taken more than two decades of development and has yielded hard lesions and positive experiences. Hong Kong is still searching for better strategies of coming up with a strong tourism industry that will be able to successfully compete in both global and regional markets. Hong Kong has faced many challenges and

The Importance Of Sexual Intimacy In Marriage

The Importance Of Sexual Intimacy In Marriage From the very beginning martial union and physical union were intertwined together. Genesis 2:24 (King James Version) states Therefore shall a man leave his father and his mother, and shall cleave unto his wife: and they shall be one flesh. Marriage is a one flesh relationship. Sex is not peripheral to marriage but is delicately woven into its very fabric (Weiner-Davis, 2008). Sexual intimacy in marriage is Gods gift to mankind. Gods gift of sexual intimacy in marriage serves four purposes: consummation of marriage, procreation, love, and pleasure (Hollinger, 2009). Human imperfection is the result of sin entering the world. Different sex drives and unresolved marital conflicts are human imperfections that cause dissatisfaction and diminished sexual intimacy in a marriage that can trigger emotional disconnect, infidelity, or divorce. In order for a couple to revive sexual intimacy in their marriage they have to be willing to understand their differences and forgive past mistakes. God , the creator of sexual intimacy chose to relate to mankind through sexual intimacy in a marriage. The four purposes of Gods gift of sexual intimacy in marriage are: consummation of marriage, procreation, love, and pleasure. The first purpose of sexual intimacy is for the consummation of marriage. Consummation of marriage happens when a married couple has sexual intercourse for the first time. The biblical term to know means that a couple becomes literally one flesh at the moment of intercourse (Janssen, 2001). At that moment, something dynamic transpires between the two when they become one flesh their relationship is now different, set apart and made distinct (Hollinger). The second purpose of sexual intimacy is procreation. In Genesis 1:28 God reveals his plan for procreation when he blessed Adam and Eve and said unto them, Be fruitful and multiply, and replenish the earth and subdue it (KJV). Sexual intercourse is the means by which human life on earth continues and the means by which every human life begins (Hollinger). Procreation was Gods plan for mankind to populate the earth. The third purpose of sexual intimacy is love. Covenantal love is found in a marriage. Covenantal love is forever and accepts the responsibility to bear children from sexual intercourse (Hollinger). Love is so exquisitely defined in I Corinthians chapter 13. Love is patient, love is kind. It does not envy, it does not boast, it is not proud. It is not rude, it is not self-seeking, it is not easily angered, it keeps no record of wrongs. Love does not delight in evil but rejoices with the truth. It always protects, always trust, always hopes, always perseveres. Love never fails (New International Version). Sexual intimacy in a marriage is sacred and creates a love bond between husband and wife that is not easily broken. The fourth purpose of sexual intimacy is pleasure. C.S. Lewis rightfully connects legitimate pleasure with God when he penned the following words: God gives good gifts to human beings for their enjoyment. In our fallen state we often turn these good gifts in to gods, demanding more of them than they can yield and replacing God, the ultimate good with created goodsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ The very fact that the psalmist can speak of eternal pleasures at Gods right hand shows that he is a God of pleasure (Lewis, 2001). God created sexual intimacy that was pure and undefiled for marital pleasure but sin when it was conceived defiled sexual intimacy and took it outside the confines of marriage. As long as sexual intimacy is kept in the confines of marriage it can be pleasurable and still remain pure and undefiled. According to sex therapists, Rosenau and Sytsma it has been our clinical experience that couples who desire deep connections and fantastic sexual intimacy, must learn to laugh and play in a way the Creator designed as part of the experience of intimacy (Rosenau, 2004). God created sexual intimacy for marital pleasure and he intended for husbands and wives to enjoy each other sexually. Sexual intimacy is vital in a marriage and that is how God created marriage. Unfortunately, with the fall of man came human imperfection. Human imperfection causes flaws in all of Gods creation and marriage is not exempt from this demise. Human imperfection in a marriage manifests itself through various venues that results in dissatisfaction and a decline of sexual intimacy in a marriage. One venue is differences in sex drives and another venue is unresolved marital conflicts. Differences in sex drives can have a negative effect on sexual intimacy in a marriage. In a lot of marriages one spouse will have a high sex drive and the other spouse will have a low sex drive. The spouse with the lower sex drive controls the sexual relationship. They dictate the frequency of sex, the time for sex, and the type of sexual activities and techniques that will be used during sex. The spouse with the higher sex drive begins to feel powerless, rejected, hurt, lonely and unloved. As a result sexual intimacy diminishes and dissatisfaction manifests itself in the marriage (Weiner-Davis, 2008). Unresolved marital conflicts can also cause dissatisfaction and diminished sexual intimacy in a marriage. Conflicts over finances, parenting issues, a controlling spouse, infidelity, individual preferences, unintended emotional injury, flaws and weaknesses are typical marital conflicts. Conflicts when they arise need to be confronted and a compromise reached. Ephesians 4:26 admonishes man let not the sun go down upon your wrath (KJV). Couples should make it a priority in their marriage to resolve conflicts. Unresolved conflicts in a marriage begin to build barriers between the husband and the wife. If unresolved martial conflicts persist in a marriage, the marriage is headed for failure. Differences in sex drive and unresolved marital conflicts have the ability to spawn emotional disconnect, infidelity, or divorce in a marriage. Emotional disconnect occurs when a couple is no longer emotionally intimate with each other. Emotional disconnect is caused by feelings of resentment and rejection. Infidelity is when one spouse is physically or mentally unfaithful to the other spouse. Lust and pornography are types of mental infidelity that usually precede physical infidelity. Divorce is inevitable if emotional disconnect and infidelity are not resolved in the marriage. Sins curse to marriage is divorce. God hates divorce and he did not intend for marriage to end in divorce but he understands that sometimes divorce is the only viable option (Christian Marriage Today, 2012). Rekindling the spark of sexual intimacy in a marriage requires learning to understand each others differences and the ability to forgive past mistakes. There has to be an understanding that God made every individual different and the willingness to accept those differences. Past mistakes that still linger in the marriage need to be relinquished and forgiven (Christian Marriage Today). Marriages are not perfect and sometimes outside intervention such as prayer, counseling and marriage seminars are necessary. Counseling and marriage seminars can strengthen or reconnect marital relationships. Most importantly, seeking God for guidance and understanding through prayer will help build, maintain, or renew intimacy in a marriage (Weiner-Davis). God created man in his own image and he desired to be close to man. God chose sexual intimacy in marriage as a way relate to man. Sex is his self-disclosing picture window into the Almighty ­Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ­Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ­Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ­Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ­Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ­-His grand metaphor to teach the value he places on intimate relationships. God is love and sexuality gives us ways to understand this (Rosenau). Sin mars, distorts or even erases evidence of our creator in sex acts. Often sex bears no resemblance to Gods image as was his original design and intent. Sexual intimacy gives man insights into Gods character and the way he interacts with man (Rosenau). Research on the topic of the importance of sexual intimacy in marriage revealed the importance that God places on sexual intimacy. If God believes that sexual intimacy in a marriage is important then man should make sexual intimacy in marriage a priority. If man would make it a priority there would be less divorce in the world. God desires his children to live happy and fulfilled lives. It is his good pleasure for couples to experience sexual intimacy. Sexual intimacy does not create marriage, but sexual intimacy cannot be divorced from marriage. God, the creator of marriage would have it no other way (Weiner-Davis).

Importance of Clothing in Prologue of the Canterbury Tales :: Canterbury Tales Essays

Importance of Clothing in Prologue of the Canterbury Tales Countless people believe in the cliche "do not judge a book by its cover": but why not? Clothing often forms another's first impression of one. It speaks of where a person has been and where they intend to go. Their appearance also illustrates a person's true self and aspirations. A man wearing torn jeans, dingy shirt, and old shoes might be thought of as poor or coming home from a hard day's labor. However, a young woman in a Gucci dress with Versace pumps could be assumed to have access to a large amount of money. In "The Prologue from the Canterbury Tales," Chaucer uses clothing as an insight into people's ongoing adventure called life. In the Prologue, humbled by his life experiences, the Knight dresses plainly. Garbed in a stained coarse cotton tunic, the knight sits upon his horse. Seen in a different setting, the Knight's attire would say little about his life as an honorable man. By humbling oneself, a true hero lends credence to the fact that flash is not always needed. His armor left dark smudges on his tunic. Humbling experiences cause humans to step back and analyze the fortune they have; they learn that they do not have to wear their achievements. Sometimes people boast their success through fine clothing. Unlike the flamboyant Yeomen, the distinguished knight wears old garments. The Yeomen succumbs to society's inclination that when he dresses the part he will become successful. He wears a coat with a green hood. From a low social standing, he believes that the better he looks the more successful he will become. Emphasis should be placed on one's achievements and inner self rather than outward appearance. A saucy brace is worn on his arm to protect it from the bow. At first glance, one would assume that he was a superior archer of high standings rather then a lowly Yeomen. Looks can be deceiving, but the illusion fades as one's true self shines through. Extravagant best describes the Yeomen's style while plain and reserved best depicts the nun. Chaucer illustrates how small insignificant accessories can have a deeper meaning. The Nun wore a coral trinket on her arm.

Equality, Diversity and Inclusion Essay

a) Diversity – Diversity is about valuing individual difference. So ‘diversity’ is much more than just a new word for equality. A diversity approach aims to recognise, value and manage difference to enable all employees to contribute and realise their full potential. Diversity challenges us to recognise and value all sorts of differences in order to make our environment a better place for everyone to work see more:social barriers to equality and inclusion b) Equality – Equality is about making sure people are treated fairly and given fair chances. Equality is not about treating everyone in the same way, but it recognises that their needs are met in different ways. Equality focuses on those areas covered by the law, namely the key areas of race, gender, disability, religion or belief, sexual orientation, transgender and Age. People must not be unfairly discriminated against because of any of these factors and we must all contribute to creating a positive workplace and service delivery environment where discriminatory practices and discrimination no longer happen. c) Inclusion – Inclusion is about ensuring that children and young people, whatever their background or situation, are able to participate fully in all aspects of the life in school. It is not about viewing everyone as the same or providing the same work, but about providing the same opportunities and access to a high quality of education. Describe the potential effects of discrimination. Discrimination can only have negative effects on children and young people. Not only does it affect the academic progress of children, discrimination can negatively impact their overall health and well-being. Those who have suffered from discrimination may experience loss of self-esteem, anger, and disempowerment, lack of motivation, confusion and depression. Explain how inclusive practice promotes equality and support diversity. Inclusive practice is a process of identifying, understanding and breaking down barriers to participation and belonging. Inclusive practices will ensure that everyone feels valued and has a sense of belonging. In an inclusive environment there is recognition, acceptance and celebration of diï ¬â‚¬erences and similarities. Explain how legislation and codes of practice relating to equality, diversity and discrimination apply to your own role. The way in which we interact with each other in society is regulated by law. The Equality Act 2010 brings together all previous acts relating to equality and discrimination. The Act applies to all organisations that provide a service to the public. The Ac protects all individuals and groups from discrimination. Early years setting must be aware of these laws and have in place a policy regarding equality of opportunities and for supporting children with learning difficulties and disabilities. Providers must also have regard to the SEN code of practice. The EYFS also states that providers have a responsibility to ensure positive attitudes to diversity and difference. Within our setting we have an equality and diversity policy, and a SEN and disability policy. These policies must be followed by staff and integrated in to our working practice. The policies bring together all the main points from the various acts and the requirements of the EYFS. Policy and procedures when dealing with: Accidents If an accident takes place in the setting, I would do the following: * Inform another member of staff so that they know what happened to the child * If I am unable to deal with the accident myself I would refer the child to another member of staff who is first aid trained * E.g. A child has fallen over and grazed his/her knee: Firstly I would comfort/ reassure the child. I would then wipe the knee with a wet tissue, record the accident on a accident form, inform the parent of the child about the accident, get them to sign the form and then keep it in the accident folder. Incidents If an incident was to happen in the setting, it would be reported to a senior member of staff. The staff would then deal with the incident. It would be recorded on an incident form which would be signed by a witness and by a parent. The incident form is then kept in an incident folder which is kept safely and is easily accessible to the staff members. Emergency In the case of an emergency occurring in the setting the following procedure would take place: E.g Fire drill (Real or practice) * Upon hearing the fire drill, children and staff leave what they are doing, quietly and sensibly make their way the nearest fire exit. * A member of staff takes the register, usually a senior. The rest of the staff usher the children out to the fire assembly point. * A head count of the children is done as children exit the building * When children line up at the fire assembly point a head count is taken and the register is completed. * If there is no real fire, the staff can take the children back to the setting when an all clear is given by the head teacher. * The children are recounted when they return to the setting. In the event of a real fire, the staff and children would remain at the fire assembly point and the emergency services would be called by a staff member. The parents would also be contacted regarding the incident. Illness If an illness occurs in the setting, e.g. a child falls ill and has a temperature. A staff member would check the temperature of the child using a thermometer/strip, and monitor the child. A wet paper towel/cool icepack would be placed on the child’s forehead to cool the temperature. If the temperature remains the same and does not decrease, the staff member would then contact the parent/carer of the child to come and collect the child. Recording and Reporting of accidents and incidents The correct procedure for reporting and recording accidents, incidents, injuries and emergencies would be carried out by following the guidelines of Riddor. Riddor stands for, reporting of injury, disease, and dangerous occurrences regulations. All of this would be reported to the Health and Safety executive if: * Any accident to a member of staff requiring treatment by a general practitioner or hospital, and any dangerous occurrences, this may be an event that causes injury or fatalities or an event that does not cause an accident but could have done, such as a gas leak. An incident book is also kept for recording incidents including those that are reportable to the health and safety executive, these incidents include: * Break in, burglary, theft of personal or property of the setting. * An intruder gaining unauthorised access to the premises. * Fire, flood, gas leak or electrical failure.  * Attack on member of staff or parent on the premises or nearby. * Any racist incident involving staff or family on the centres premises * Death of a child, a terrorist attack or threat of one.

Unknown Bacteria

In order to treat a disease correctly and efficiently, it is important to first identify the microbe that is causing the disease. Isolating the bacteria that is causing the disease and using an antibiotic that specifically targets that microbe, can help prevent or reduce the overuse of broad-spectrum antibiotics-which can lead to antibiotic resistance. When trying to determine the type of microbe that is causing a disease, there are a number of biochemical tests that are administered.The results of these ifferent tests are analyzed against the characteristics of different bacteria and the perpetrator is revealed. Method I subjected my unknown bacteria to 7 different biochemical tests in order to identify it. I first performed a streak plate in order to get an isolated colony that I could inoculate and perform the tests on. The Sulfur, Indole and Motility test (SIM), the Glucose Fermentation test and the Urea test to help identify my unknown bacteria.For the SIM test, I aseptically in oculated the bacteria into a tube of the SIM media and let it incubate until the next class period. I took the tube out of the incubator and irst observed it for the presence of sulfur as well as for motility. I then added 4 drops of Kovac's reagent to the SIM agar deep and observed the reaction. In this test, there are more than one enzyme and substrate involved. The sulfur part of this test the enzymes involved are Cysteine Desulfurase and thiosulfate reductase. Cysteine and thiosulfate are the available substrates that are in the media.If either enzyme is produced by the bacteria being inoculated, Hydrogen Sulfide will be produced and will combine with the Iron in the Ferrous sulfate that is already in the media and will roduce a black precipitate-which is a positive result. No production ofa black precipitate is a negative result. In the Indole part of this test, the enzyme involved is tryptophanase has been produced, I added Kovac's reagent to the media and observed it for a re d color-which would indicate a positive result. No appearance of red would be a negative result.Another test I used to identify my unknown was the Glucose Fermentation test. This test determines whether the bacteria produces an acid, acid and gas or an alcohol. For this test, I inoculated my bacteria into a tube of Glucose broth that contained a Durham tube. If, after incubation, there is a bubble in the Durham tube, that is a positive result for the production of gas. No bubble would be a negative result. The media in this tube contained the indicator Phenol Red. A positive result for fermentation to an acid is a yellow color. A negative result for acid production is red.The Urea test was another test I performed to try and identify my bacteria. For this test I inoculated my unknown into a tube of urea broth. I let them incubate until the next class period. Urease is the enzyme involved in this test that breaks down urea. Phenol red is the indicator used in this test in order to et ect a change in PH. If the pH is less than 7, the Phenol Red is yellow-which is a negative result. If the pH is greater than 7, that indicates the presence of the enzyme urease and the Phenol Red will be hot pink-which is a positive result. Forrest & Elliott, 2012) Results Test/Culture Escherichia coli Proteus vulgaris Klebsiella pneumonia Shigella flexneri Salmonella typhimurium Unknown #9 Sulfur Indole +1- Motility Methyl Red Voges-Proskauer Citrate Glucose Lactose Urea Phenylalanine Deaminase My unknown bacteria did not give off a black precipitate in the Sulfur portion of the SIM test so that was a negative result. It turned a pink color in the Indole portion of the SIM test so that was a positive result. The SIM media was cloudy around the area where I inoculated the bacteria, indicating it is positive for motility.The Methyl Red test produced an orange color, which was a negative result. The VP part of the MR-VP test produced an orange color as well, which is a negative result . There was no growth on the Simmon's Citrate media, indicating a negative result for that test. On both the Glucose and Lactose test, the broth was yellow and there was a bubble, which indicated that the bacteria produced and acid and a gas.

Chronic Disease Risk Assessment Essay Example

Chronic Disease Risk Assessment Essay Example Chronic Disease Risk Assessment Essay Chronic Disease Risk Assessment Essay A cancer that forms in tissues of the ovary (one of a pair of female reproductive glands in which the ova, or eggs, are formed). Most ovarian cancers are either ovarian epithelial carcinomas (cancer that begins in the cells on the surface of the ovary) or malignant germ cell tumors (cancer that begins in egg cells). Ovarian Cancer is a cancerous growth arising from an ovary. The cancer most commonly forms in the lining of the ovary, resulting in epithelial ovarian cancer, or in the egg cells, resulting in a germ cell tumor. Ovarian cancer is the fifth leading cause of death from cancer in women and the leading cause of death from gynecological cancer. A woman has a lifetime risk of ovarian cancer of around 1.5%, which makes it the second most common gynecologic malignancy. Ovarian cancer has been named the silent killer because it frequently causes non-specific symptoms, which contributes to diagnostic delay, diagnosis in a late stage and a poor prognosis. Most women with ovarian cancer report one or more symptoms such as abdominal pain or discomfort, an abdominal mass, bloating, back pain, urinary urgency, constipation, tiredness and a range of other non-specific symptoms, as well as more specific symptoms such as pelvic pain, abnormal vaginal bleeding or involuntary weight loss. There can be a build-up of fluid in the abdominal cavity. In most cases, the cause of ovarian cancer remains unknown. There is an increased risk of ovarian cancer in older women and in those who have a first or second degree relative with the disease. Hereditary forms of ovarian cancer can be caused by mutations in specific genes (most notably BRCA1 and BRCA2, but also in genes for hereditary non-polyposis colorectal cancer). Infertile women and those with a condition called endometriosis, those who have never been pregnant and those who use postmenopausal estrogen replacement therapy are at increased risk. Use of oral contraceptive pills is a protective factor. The risk is also lower in women who have had their uterine tubes blocked surgically. In order to avoid ovarian cancer, there are several steps that a woman can take. Step 1: Keep the diet clean. Avoid a diet that is high in saturated fat, low in fiber, and also avoid excessive amounts of alcohol. Instead, eat lean meats, low-fat dairy, fruits, vegetables, fish, seeds, nuts, whole grains and beans. Step 2: Get some exercise. Obesity is a risk factor for getting ovarian cancer. Perform exercise 30 minutes a day on five or more days a week to help keep weight under control. Some examples are running, weight training, and biking; swimming, rowing or fast-paced walking. Step 3: Have a baby. Although it may not be the best thing to do at this current moment in your life, having a baby can help lower your risk of ovarian cancer. Your risk can actually get lower with each child you have. Step 4: Go on the birth control pill. On the opposite side of pregnancy is the birth control pill, also known as an oral contraceptive. These are actually used to stop the ovulation process and prevent pregnancy. As an added benefit, they can also lower your risk for ovarian cancer. Step 5: Get an operation. There are two surgical procedures that can be done to prevent ovarian cancer. Tubal litigation is done to prevent pregnancy by tying off the fallopian tubes, according to doctors at The Oncology Channel, although the mechanism of cancer prevention is not yet known. The other option is the removal of the ovaries altogether. This is usually done when a woman is getting a hysterectomy and she is over 40 years old. The ovaries are removed as a preventative measure.

Tenement Life in NYC essays

Tenement Life in NYC essays Over spring break I had the opportunity to visit the Lower East Side Tenement Museum and take the Getting By tour. I really enjoyed the setup of this museum, as it gave me a true feel that I was almost traveling back in time to see what things were like for immigrants around the turn of the 20th century. It is hard to imagine just how rough the conditions were, considering a small apartment building such as the one we toured would be the home of several families per floor, each with numerous children. Add to that poor ventilation, thin walls, noises and smells coming from outside (and probably other parts of the building, too). It is amazing to me that for the immigrants living in these tenements, these living conditions were a step above what they could afford in their old country. I began to think about Engles writings on Manchester that we read earlier in the semester, and how he described probably the most horrid living conditions I can imagine anyone suffering through. Compared to these conditions, the tenements of New York must not seem that bad, if for no other reason than the fact that they were not shunned and hidden away like they were in places like Manchester. It seems that what saved many immigrants in the early 20th century was the tight community they formed, both up in their apartments and down on the streets and in the storefronts. They formed a community that, if it exists at all in New York today, is extremely rare. It is fascinating that in this city, it seems to take extreme hardships (think back to September 11, 2001) to bring people together. ...

A Look At The Dualism Concept Between The Body And Soul As Depicted In Meditations On First Philosophy By Rene Descartes

A Look At The Dualism Concept Between The Body And Soul As Depicted In Meditations On First Philosophy By Rene Descartes Body and Soul Rene Descartes presents in his Meditations on First Philosophy the idea of dualism, the belief that the body and the soul exist separately from each other. Physical human bodies are composed of cells, tissue, blood, organs, skin, a brain and the like. From the brain, humans have thought. The mental capacity to think is what creates human personality and allows humans to reason and form ideas. The question of whether or not the body and soul are separated or not is a vital philosophical question, especially to Descartes as he grapples with meditation and the feeling that nothing is real or certain. This leads him to question his own existence and who he is. In this paper, I will argue against Descartes’s belief on dualism as the body requires the soul to live. The soul and body are tied together in order to grant humans the ability to exist, create goals to chase after and grow as individuals. The main argument is that the body and soul are individual forms. Descartes presents three main premises. The first premise of this argument begins with Descartes stating â€Å"if I convinced myself of something then I certainly existed†¦I am, I exist† (Descartes 110). This pertains to the soul and that if a human is capable of thought, they exist. Even if a person is unsure of their actual existence, it does not matter as long as they themselves believe they are alive and existing. This leads into the second premise where it is discussed whether humans are being deceived by God over their existence. Descartes argues that if even if God, or some creator, is deceiving us, if we think we exist we do. However, if God is the perfect creator of the universe it would makes sense that He gave his creation souls and a sound existence. The third premise describes the body and soul separately, showing how the two are different. Descartes labels the body as simply being our physical self, that has hands, feet and a solid figure. He writes how the soul has features like sense perception and the ability to fabricate thoughts. The body and soul are presented as being unique from each other, thus the concept of dualism is confirmed. These premises come together to shape the conclusion that confirm duality and that the body and soul are apart from one another. I agree with Descartes’s first premise on the grounds that if we think we exist, we do. It is impossible to definitively find out if everything is a faà §ade or if humans truly do exist in a real universe. But due to the fact that humans are alive and can think, it is presumed that humans do exist, at least to a certain extent. I also agree with his third premise on the body and soul being different. The soul is not something that is visible but rather an abstract concept used to describe what governs the body and allows humans to speak, think and act. However, I do not agree with his overall notion of duality. Descartes presents his argument without sufficient evidence but rather relies on his own opinion. Typically, a body without a soul cannot be called an existing being. The body might be alive but with no soul there is no person, no identity or personality. Similarly, without a physical body the soul cannot exist. If there is no body there is no person to speak of. Upon birth and death, the body and soul arrive and leave together, leading to the conclusion that they are linked together and rejecting dualism.

District Attorneys office Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

District Attorneys office - Research Paper Example A good attorney spends most of their time researching, has a great memory and writes convincingly, so any degree that prepares on for this is probably a good choice. Depending on what particular field in law one wants to go into, there are other options. It is not unheard of for individuals with an established career to attend law school in mid-life in order to become a litigator in their chosen field. Many colleges offer some sort of pre-law coursework and this is not a bad idea if it can be worked into the schedule. Any course of study at the undergraduate level that familiarizes the student with the course of study in law school will be of benefit and help the student achieve higher comprehension and higher grades in law school. Asking the prospective law school what kind of coursework would be beneficial will result in solid information as to what the admissions board would like to see. Wise students will try to provide the admissions board with a high GPA along with the course o f study and life experience the board is looking for if they want to be admitted. If law school is the goal, then the undergraduate degree is just the final step on the path prior to law school. With undergraduate degree in hand, the next step is to get accepted into law school. An appropriate degree from a good school, a high grade point average and an excellent LCAT score should provide the applicant with many options as to which school to consider. There are three types of law schools and each provides the student with a different experience and benefits package for a variable price. : Ivy League schools such as Harvard or Yale are the top tier, where the coursework is rigorous but the real value is the rolodex one could walk away with after graduation. Ivy League schools are expensive and should be considered an investment in who one gets to know as much as what one learns. The value of relationships and â€Å"connections† cannot be understated, and this is the true value of attending the prestige schools. There are plenty of solid Universities that have excellent law schools, all provide a solid education and possibly some good connections but the value of this choice is the quality of the education in terms of cost. It is possible to shop around and find a well-regarded law school that offers the degree for a much lower price than a comparable school. Keep in mind that the admission process will be tougher because more people will be applying. (Sedberry) The bottom tier schools simply provide one with a degree and hopefully the preparation necessary to pass the bar exams. Cost and time are usually the major issues here, as it is possible to go to school part time and complete a law degree in four to six years. Several schools offer online law degrees (adultlearn.com). A prosecutor works for the State, so any law school will work as long as it results in passing the bar exam. The better the school the better-off the individual is when trying to get hired, but passing the bar exams makes the attorney a member in good standing with the union. The course of study in law school is normally three years and results in the award of the Juris Doctorate degree. In general, the first two years of law school consists of the basic curriculum and all the students are in competition with one another. The class standing is based on the performance in these classes. One way to

Business Research Methods Part 3 Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Business Research Methods Part 3 - Term Paper Example Another potential challenge lies in data collection and analysis. Sometimes the data might be outdated or the researcher may not be able to collect comprehensive data to carry out research. Another challenge is to prioritize and filter information from the data – both qualitative and quantitative. The researcher needs to abandon redundant information and include only those which are relevant to his or her research (Sittig et al, 2008). There may be several methods which a researcher may employ in order to reduce the challenges and increase the authenticity of data used in research. Here the researcher has conducted both qualitative and quantitative methods to analyze the healthcare dilemma in American households. One of them is to involve iterative methods and the refinement and development of analogies, typologies and other methods to analyze data (Fitzpatrick & Boulton 1996). This is extremely important especially when qualitative methods of data collection are employed. The researcher may be biased or the participants may be biased in providing their observations and answers. Hence, conducting iteration is one way to reduce such bias in data analysis. Another way to authenticate and validate the data collected in research is to properly prioritize and sort out the data.

Parental Perspectives Dissertation Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 19000 words

Parental Perspectives - Dissertation Example This study has broadened my thought process, my zeal, inner strength, passion, knowledge, and focus on how I can help our youth discover what it takes to reach their educational goals. I also dedicate this dissertation to all those that are close to my heart: my husband, children, parents, family, and friends that supported me through this process. Their support has allowed me to climb to the mountaintop in accomplishing my goals and to continue fulfilling the desires of my heart. I owe a special thanks to my wonderful children, Jermaay and Cladorian, who are my pride and joy. Thank you for sacrificing your wants and needs and for being patient with mommy. To Floyd, my loving husband, who listened, supported and made many sacrifices for me during this difficult process; I deeply thank you. Acknowledgments This dissertation took more commitment and devotion than I ever imagined and I could not have done it by myself. So many people helped me through this challenging time of my educational journey. I am truly thankful for the grace that God bestowed upon me over these past three years. I am very grateful and honored to have such a supporting family, friends, church and cohort who provided constant encouragement. I must acknowledge my wonderful mentor, Dr. April Flanagan, who came to my rescue in the midst of my uncertainties in my research plan. I started research for my dissertation in Atlanta, Georgia, with a solid foundation and then my husband received military orders to transfer to Okinawa, Japan for three years. As a result, my research topic had to change, and I was forced to switch my focus and start over. Dr. Flanagan was a true asset in the writing of my dissertation, due to her extensive experience... This phenomenological study investigates how parents perceive their involvement in student learning. Kohls, Stafford, and Miller (2003) assert that public dissatisfaction, international comparisons and the skills needed for the 21st-century workforce â€Å"by policy makers, parents, the business community and the public have resulted in demands that schools be held accountable for learning† (p. 1). In Okinawa, Japan, the language barrier restricts military and government civilian parents of non-Japanese speaking children from entering the more challenging domestic school systems (O. Lee, August 11, 2005, personal communication). The expense of registration and monthly tuition fees for private and Japanese public schools is another issue that military and government civilian families encounter if they choose not to use the provided school system available (Military Resources & Benefits, n.d.). Parents’ expectations about their role in their children's education are essential to student learning and academic success. When parents believe their children are not receiving the best education possible, the reason is often that they feel powerless to do anything about it other than basic home intervention (Bloom, 1992). For example, parents are establishing goals and possibilities for their children to become academically successful, such as seeking technical support through computerized tutorials when questions occur on schoolwork or allowing the child to call a fellow classmate or searching the text for guidance.

Quality of life for Women with bleeding disorders Essay

Quality of life for Women with bleeding disorders - Essay Example However, health care physicians play a significant role in detecting signs and symptoms of vWD and in the ensuring that proper management is given to patients suffering from the disease (Lillicrap and James 2009). Von Willebrand Disease (VWD) is named after Dr. Erik von Willebrand (1870-1949) who first described the condition in 1926. He became famous for his description of bleeding among inhabitants of the island of Foglo in the Aaland archipelago in the Baltic Sea. In 1925, he examined a 5-year old patient whose four siblings died of bleeding disorders. In his report, he presented this as an unidentified type of hemophilia. He initially called the disorder â€Å"pseudohemophilia† because of lengthened bleeding time. During the course of his study, he noted that platelets were involved so he renamed it â€Å"constitutional thrombopathy† (Owens 2007). The ability of blood to clot is usually affected by vWD and can cause excessive bleeding. In rare cases, such bleeding m ay harm the internal organs or may even be fatal. VWD manifests in a deficiency in protein in the blood which is called von Willebrand factor (vWF) found in the linings of the blood vessels. Bleeding occurs when blood vessels are injured. Blood cells called platelets cluster together to block the hole in the blood vessel and control the bleeding. vWF serves as adhesion to help the platelets bond together to form a blood clot. Another vital protein that helps the blood clot is factor VIII (FVIII) found in vWF. FVIII is normally inactive in hemophilia which is another clotting disorder. In comparison with hemophilia, vWD more common and less serious among inherited bleeding disorders. It affects 1 out of 100 to 1000 people. Unlike hemophilia which mostly affects males, vWD has effects in both males and females (NHLBI 2008). vWD Disease Forms or Types Just like in many health conditions, vWD is classified into different forms. Type 1 is the most prevalent and is the mildest form, where in vWF in the blood is decreased. The symptoms manifested are mild and may not even be detected. However, use of aspirin and other nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) can aggravate the condition. People with Type 1 (partial quantitative deficiency), vWD do not have spontaneous bleeding but may bleed considerably with trauma, medical and dental procedures. In Type 2 (qualitative deficiency) vWD, there is an abnormality in vWF. This type is further subdivided into Type 2A and Type 2B. In Type 2A, the multimer which are the building blocks in VWF are smaller than the normal size and rupture easily. In Type 2B, vWF glues to the platelets too well resulting to the clustering of the platelets which can cause reduced platelet number. There are 2 more subtypes (2M and 2N) but these are much rarer. In Type 3 (total deficiency) vWD, there is severe bleeding with vWF and FVIII in the blood at very low levels. Pseudo or platelet type of vWD is comparable to Type 2B but in this case, t here is a deficiency in the platelets instead of vWF (Griffin 2010). Prevalence of vWD VWD is prevalent worldwide and can also manifest in animal classes including canine and hogs. Its occurrence in people differs depending on the method applied to identify medical findings. It has been reported in two extensive epidemiologic researches that symptoms and signs of vWd were evident in up to 1% of children and infant population (Werner, Broxson, Tucker, Giroux, Schults, and Abshire 1993). Type 3 vWD

RELATIONS IN CONTEMPORARY BRITAIN Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

RELATIONS IN CONTEMPORARY BRITAIN - Essay Example For any Organization, be it profit or non-profit making, to achieve its intended mission, a lot of work needs to be done to sustain a comfortable employee-employer relationship. No one should take this matter lightly because through this link, Suggestions, demands and expectations are passed and their replies channeled. Problems would most likely arise if employees of a particular company go up in arms over certain working conditions, delayed salaries and wages and inevitably, be an issue for the management such as strikes that just occur under their noses (Rose, 2004, pp 30 - 35). Sometimes organizations build their goodwill for years and they can not allow anything or anyone to just wreck it all. In the wake of creating, an employee relation, Workers Unions, Trade Movements and Welfare Societies advises them on the importance of joining them. These are activists who work closely with government to cater for the needs of the country's employees. Their mandatory goal being to pressurize for good reforms on laws, regulations and the constitution that governs them. (Euro found, 2008). In Britain, unions keep on pushing for better deals basing their argument on the current economic trend. It would therefore, be without these unions, very hard for people to come out and ask the government for considerations. The whole union concept is to apply civilized ways in addressing matters that arise every now and then. It involves pushing diplomatically, rather than having employees take to the streets, demanding recognition, as key players in the daily development of different sectors that lead to the total country's economic growth. These Unions also endorse sanctions to employers who appear to be treating their employees unfairly. They educate Companies and Organizations on the ethical point of their relation. Do others good the same way you expect to be done unto. The role that unions play in Britain is not to be ignored. (Business, Enterprise and Regulatory Reform (BERR, 2008).The strategies and efforts by these Unions can in fact be rated as militant. I say so, becaus e their activities involve; revolutionary, support and activism. Playing as the watchdogs, it also ensures not only that changes are done but are adhered to the latter. Their efforts can be termed as peaceful and radical, though at times aggressive. It is due to this characteristic that employees in Britain find it important to part of at least a union. They term their working style as assertive since most of their rights are put to check by the authority in concern. There are allocations regarding the number of welfare societies one can join. Of course there is no limitation to only a single one. (Salamon, 2000, pp5, pp8-12). Firms that deal with Human Resource management appropriately will witness the good it has done to them. People want to be associated with unions that are clearly instituted to avoid misunderstanding .At this point, it is indistinguishable to acknowledge that a good number of Britain's Unions have proved their worth, they are worthy. With their protocols comprehensively tabulated, it leaves no doubt; they are the correct handlers of matter concerning employees. Though there is still a long way to go, the efforts already

Parental Perspectives Dissertation Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 19000 words

Parental Perspectives - Dissertation Example This study has broadened my thought process, my zeal, inner strength, passion, knowledge, and focus on how I can help our youth discover what it takes to reach their educational goals. I also dedicate this dissertation to all those that are close to my heart: my husband, children, parents, family, and friends that supported me through this process. Their support has allowed me to climb to the mountaintop in accomplishing my goals and to continue fulfilling the desires of my heart. I owe a special thanks to my wonderful children, Jermaay and Cladorian, who are my pride and joy. Thank you for sacrificing your wants and needs and for being patient with mommy. To Floyd, my loving husband, who listened, supported and made many sacrifices for me during this difficult process; I deeply thank you. Acknowledgments This dissertation took more commitment and devotion than I ever imagined and I could not have done it by myself. So many people helped me through this challenging time of my educational journey. I am truly thankful for the grace that God bestowed upon me over these past three years. I am very grateful and honored to have such a supporting family, friends, church and cohort who provided constant encouragement. I must acknowledge my wonderful mentor, Dr. April Flanagan, who came to my rescue in the midst of my uncertainties in my research plan. I started research for my dissertation in Atlanta, Georgia, with a solid foundation and then my husband received military orders to transfer to Okinawa, Japan for three years. As a result, my research topic had to change, and I was forced to switch my focus and start over. Dr. Flanagan was a true asset in the writing of my dissertation, due to her extensive experience... This phenomenological study investigates how parents perceive their involvement in student learning. Kohls, Stafford, and Miller (2003) assert that public dissatisfaction, international comparisons and the skills needed for the 21st-century workforce â€Å"by policy makers, parents, the business community and the public have resulted in demands that schools be held accountable for learning† (p. 1). In Okinawa, Japan, the language barrier restricts military and government civilian parents of non-Japanese speaking children from entering the more challenging domestic school systems (O. Lee, August 11, 2005, personal communication). The expense of registration and monthly tuition fees for private and Japanese public schools is another issue that military and government civilian families encounter if they choose not to use the provided school system available (Military Resources & Benefits, n.d.). Parents’ expectations about their role in their children's education are essential to student learning and academic success. When parents believe their children are not receiving the best education possible, the reason is often that they feel powerless to do anything about it other than basic home intervention (Bloom, 1992). For example, parents are establishing goals and possibilities for their children to become academically successful, such as seeking technical support through computerized tutorials when questions occur on schoolwork or allowing the child to call a fellow classmate or searching the text for guidance.

RELATIONS IN CONTEMPORARY BRITAIN Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

RELATIONS IN CONTEMPORARY BRITAIN - Essay Example For any Organization, be it profit or non-profit making, to achieve its intended mission, a lot of work needs to be done to sustain a comfortable employee-employer relationship. No one should take this matter lightly because through this link, Suggestions, demands and expectations are passed and their replies channeled. Problems would most likely arise if employees of a particular company go up in arms over certain working conditions, delayed salaries and wages and inevitably, be an issue for the management such as strikes that just occur under their noses (Rose, 2004, pp 30 - 35). Sometimes organizations build their goodwill for years and they can not allow anything or anyone to just wreck it all. In the wake of creating, an employee relation, Workers Unions, Trade Movements and Welfare Societies advises them on the importance of joining them. These are activists who work closely with government to cater for the needs of the country's employees. Their mandatory goal being to pressurize for good reforms on laws, regulations and the constitution that governs them. (Euro found, 2008). In Britain, unions keep on pushing for better deals basing their argument on the current economic trend. It would therefore, be without these unions, very hard for people to come out and ask the government for considerations. The whole union concept is to apply civilized ways in addressing matters that arise every now and then. It involves pushing diplomatically, rather than having employees take to the streets, demanding recognition, as key players in the daily development of different sectors that lead to the total country's economic growth. These Unions also endorse sanctions to employers who appear to be treating their employees unfairly. They educate Companies and Organizations on the ethical point of their relation. Do others good the same way you expect to be done unto. The role that unions play in Britain is not to be ignored. (Business, Enterprise and Regulatory Reform (BERR, 2008).The strategies and efforts by these Unions can in fact be rated as militant. I say so, becaus e their activities involve; revolutionary, support and activism. Playing as the watchdogs, it also ensures not only that changes are done but are adhered to the latter. Their efforts can be termed as peaceful and radical, though at times aggressive. It is due to this characteristic that employees in Britain find it important to part of at least a union. They term their working style as assertive since most of their rights are put to check by the authority in concern. There are allocations regarding the number of welfare societies one can join. Of course there is no limitation to only a single one. (Salamon, 2000, pp5, pp8-12). Firms that deal with Human Resource management appropriately will witness the good it has done to them. People want to be associated with unions that are clearly instituted to avoid misunderstanding .At this point, it is indistinguishable to acknowledge that a good number of Britain's Unions have proved their worth, they are worthy. With their protocols comprehensively tabulated, it leaves no doubt; they are the correct handlers of matter concerning employees. Though there is still a long way to go, the efforts already

English Language Learner Essay Example for Free

English Language Learner Essay The United States still represents to the rest of world a land of opportunities. Immigration occurs when people from all part of the world make their way here to start new lives, find their new jobs or build new homes. Some leave their country to flee from oppression and injustice. Some want a life to escape poverty. Now the English Language Learners in America school constantly growing percent of all U.S student-There are more than five million children who are English Language Learners (ELLs). Research show that Bilingual Education is beneficial to people who learning English to support their English Language also native language and to retain. The Bilingual Education is more effective to English Learners research that students who are educate in Bilingual classrooms do as well as or better than the groups of English sold literacy skill, cause of their thinks are just would cover their miserable life by money, that’s all they have to do. The challenge faced by English Language is an obstacle to their education success in this country. Amount of students who participating to learn English are enrolled in U.S. public schools (pre-K-12) increased by 8.5 percent, from 46.0 million in 1997-1998 to mostly 50 million in 2007-2008. In them, at least 10.7 percent or more than 5.3 million children were English Language Learners (ELLs). Over the time, the number of ELL increased by 53.2 percent, from 3.5 million to 5.3 million) in the same period, this statistic was show that there is no signal to stop and might be grow up in the future. The nation’s ELL student (about 1.5 million children) mainly lived in California, state with the largest amount of student in need of English instruction. Behind California, the three states also contained an amazing number of ELL enrollment: Arizona (166,572), New York (213,000), and Texas (701,800). All English Language Learners are definitely struggling to learn English sometime, they were fail to understand what is the teacher talking about, and may become unpleasantness when they have an idea but cannot transmit wholeness express their thoughts in English. That’s might be a biggest problem for ELLs who would like to speak English well but don’t want to learn English. Meanwhile, many students experience another kind of struggle, when they go home, they speak different language in which their parents  communicated. But a lots immigrant students of ELL have a habit of fluency in English and so want to give up their native language. They pressure to speak English at school; they are expected to speak their native language at home. In the education process, there is â€Å"English-only Laws do not help Immigrant gain fluency in English â€Å". Some individually consider that being not only of English Language Learners (ELL), but of American communities as a whole. The governments do not promote English as official language so much as they make discrimination to different kind of language. However, ELLs should not receive English-only laws, instead achieve literacy, it makes disconnect to immigrant who want to keep their tradition. Beside of that, an obstacle for all students of ELLs that they must to receive the same program such as student spokes of native English when they are during education process, many trammels as reading literature in English cause most literature is culture bound. Students who desire to speak English fluency must struggle for several year before they understand everything that is said i n their classroom, and that is discrimination for all ELLs as they received entire subjects with not their language such as mathematics, science, social study, language art,†¦ while their literacy skills do not well at all. Bilingual Education – consider that such as education in an English-language school system in which students with little fluency in English are taught in both their native language and English. Research show that Bilingual Language is the effective choice and definitely benefic for English Language Learners. It not only helping to advantage of ELLs to become solid literacy skills with both language, Bilingual Education also support to students develop ability of communication with international. The review found that almost K-12 students show who have been educated in bilingual classroom, enroll in programs that have high level of bilingualism probably do as well as or might be better than comparison group of English Learners in English-only program. English Learners want to improve their English as well as they could be, but they also receive a lot of challenges from English. As you are learning any new language, it takes a lot of dedication, practice and time. But all of that will pay off when you are able expressing yourself in an exciting way. You have to know what is your first step will going to be, then just keep going and expand all experience that you have become perfectly. Also, the English teacher should  purposefully select words and sentence structures that will help students learn rather than hinder their success in class or practice for them to listening, specific is talking to improve their pronunciation. Eventually, English Language Learners could be received a lot of challenges by English Language as they struggle to fit into a new society, learn a new language, improving the achievement of communicate ability with international. However, English has been the common world-wide language, and it will be in the future. For this reason, English Language Learners must be insist that practice and policy by based on the best evidence we have and not on politics or predilections.

Reflective Assessment on Mathematics and Calculus

Reflective Assessment on Mathematics and Calculus Relearning the calculus, relating it to real-life Mela Aziza Background I have loved doing mathematics since I was in elementary school. However, this feeling changed a little bit when I was at secondary school. My mathematics teacher asked me to memorise many formulas and principles related to advanced topics without knowing when I can use those in my real-life. I thought that an advanced topic was really hard to learn because it was commonly abstract concept. Consequently, a student like me would find difficulties how to make it concrete and connect it to the real world. In addition, my mathematics teacher only encouraged us to study mathematics hard in order to achieve high scores in examinations. She rarely explained about the application of mathematics in our daily life. This situation made me less enjoyed learning mathematics. For example, while I was learning calculus that I assumed as an advanced topic, I did not know when I can use it in my life so that I was not motivated to learn it. At the time, I guessed calculus was useless. Calculus was ju st about patterns, formulas, and calculations without knowing why I needed to learn it. Therefore, this experience has been inspiring me in how I should teach my students in the future. I hoped to explain and show my students about how powerful and useful mathematics can be. Unfortunately, it was really hard to find the connection between mathematics and daily activities, especially for the calculus. My students were questioning when they could use calculus in their life. I became confused and could not give the appropriate answer because I have not known the application of calculus that was relevant to my students life. I taught calculus using the similar method to my previous mathematics teacher, solving any kind of calculus questions from my own textbooks using the formulas or rules. However, I am interested in exploring and developing the usefulness of calculus in daily life because I want to establish answers for my own previous question, when I can use it. Hence, when getting the chance to take the developing subject knowledge course, I was excited to focus on some calculus questions using real-life contexts. Solving calculus problems I started my independent learning by solving the max box problem given by my personal tutor (see Appendix A). This problem about the paper which has side a, then I was instructed to make a box by cutting a square with side x from each of the four corners. I have to find the value of x so that I can make the biggest box. I tried to find the x value for creating the biggest box by doing some algebraic equations and finally, I obtained the pattern for finding the x value. Finding out the answer gave me an opportunity to relate it to the concept of differentiation. It was a new thing for me and when I searched on the internet, found it was popular in teaching and learning mathematics related to the calculus topic. However, I did not know why I found Indonesian mathematics teachers rarely used this practical question while teaching the concept of differentiation. Next, I moved to how to introduce the first principle of differentiation, f'(x), from function f(x). I started by drawing a graph of the function, then formulated gradient of two adjacent points using the gradient of a straight line and limit concept (see Appendix B). Finally, I found that the first derivative equals with the gradients of a point from the function. Then, I tried similar calculations for some different functions, and finally, I established the pattern of the first derivative. While doing this, I was thinking which I should teach first, gradient or differentiation, in order to make students understand where the first derivative comes. Furthermore, a noticeable point for me by solving this problem, I was aware that as a teacher I can teach mathematics through using algorithmic/algebraic/analytic/calculating, visual (image/graph), and inductive (pattern) thinking. For example, when finding the maximum value of the function, I acquired the same answer by using two differe nt methods, graphing and calculating. In addition, I explored how to draw the graph of the first derivatives of different functions by using gradient concept (see Appendix C). I drew both common and uncommon functions. I felt those were interesting and challenging because I could create the graph of the first and the second derivative just by looking at the graph of the original function. However, when I want to find the first derivative function, I have to calculate using an algebraic method. Although I could not get directly what the function of the first derivative f(x) through drawing, I could differentiate when the function reached maximum value, (when f (x) f (x) > 0), and neither maximum nor minimum value (when f (x) = 0), for instance, f(x)= x3-6x2+12x-5 having an inflexion point (see Figure 1). I also tried to find the gradient of uncommon functions such as an absolute function (f(x)=|x|) by plotting the graph manually and checking it using software GSP (The Geometers Sketchpad), then I found that there was a point on the |x|function that cannot be differentiated (non-differentiable point) that was when x = 0, but for other points, those were differentiable (see Figure 2). Furthermore, I explored six common mistakes (Cipra, 2013) that students made in doing calculus related to how they solve some routine problems and understand a concept of finding the area of function by integral concept (see Appendix D). The students mostly just calculated the area using formula without drawing the function so that occasionally they found a negative area. The area will be never negative. The students should know that the area above x-axis will be positive because y-axis values are always positive while the area below x-axis will be negative because of y-axis negative values (Stewart, 2016). Hence, students have to multiply the area of function below x-axis with negative (-) in favour of becoming a positive area. Reflection During this course, I relearned calculus concept by solving some problems. I felt back a sense of doing mathematics when solving the problems both routine and real-life problems. This sense made me excited to find the solutions for every problem that I faced. I became aware that abstract concepts cannot be separated from calculus. Although routine problems are commonly abstract, students will be able to learn the importance of symbol concepts in calculus through solving these problems. I also tried to connect calculus by solving some real-life problems which use real-life contexts and can be imagined as daily experiences (Gravemeijer Doorman, 1999), for instance, the max box problem that can be connected to a manufacturer. After doing some real-life problems, I agree that these problems should be taught in the classroom (Gainsburg, 2008). Teachers are able to use these problems to enhance students motivation and to develop reasoning as well as problem-solving skills of students in l earning mathematics (Karakoà § AlacacÄ ±, 2015). Therefore, the teachers will be able to make mathematics become more meaningful for their students through real-life problems. On the other hand, I think not all real-life problems are practicable for students because the problems do not relate to their life directly. I have done some problems from some websites and a textbook of calculus (SMP, 1973), but not all problems were relevant to a real context and could be solved. I encountered there was a problem when some facts are abandoned in order to make students understand the question easily. A problem which is relevant to one students life may not be relevant for others. Therefore, teachers should check the effectiveness of the problems by asking students first (Burkhardt, 1981), and then they will notice the good problems that can be used in the future. In addition, calculus is advanced knowledge for most students because they find it difficult to concretise so that occasionally it should remain abstract (Wilensky, 1991). Furthermore, teachers need to consider the time when they give the students real-life problems. They cannot give them these problems fo r every meeting because they also should provide opportunities to students for learning all calculus concepts, both concrete and abstract. Thus, most teachers assumed the nature of mathematics topic and the time may become limitations for connecting it to the real-world (Karakoà § AlacacÄ ±, 2015). Teachers can motivate students to think inductively in learning mathematics. They may involve students to find the first derivative pattern by using the gradient of a straight line and limit concept. They should not give a pattern f'(xn) =nxn-1 directly to students when introducing differentiation, but they ask students to establish the first derivative pattern by their own self. In addition, I found that teachers are able to use a slope of zero (f'(x)=0) for figuring out what is the maximum or minimum value of the function quickly. However, teachers also have to ask students to check the graph or the second derivative of the function to find the exact category of the x value (maximum, minimum, or inflexion point). Hence, as a mathematics teacher, I should deem some factors before deciding an effective teaching method that encourages my students to understand calculus concepts easily. I assumed that using technology can make sense of calculus for students. I considered using GSP while teaching to draw a graph of the function and to look closer whether the function can be differentiated for every point. Furthermore, I think that mathematics teachers may be able to explore any kind of calculus questions on websites such ashttps://www.math.ucdavis.edu andhttp://www.dqime.uni-dortmund.de which I assert as resources for finding real-life mathematics problems using the English language. However, teachers who come from non-native-English-speaking countries should be careful in understanding the meaning of the problems because there was a specific English term of mathematics that sounds unfamiliar or synonymous. For instance, I was confused to distinguish between two words that felt to be synonyms like capacity and volume. I firstly thought that those two words had similar meaning, however, capacity related to how much liquid held while volume related to how many material s needed (solid) in the container. Teachers also may adapt examples of the calculus projects and the application of calculus videos that are provided on the internet. Personally, I obtained the new perspective by watching some videos showing activities that teachers did like creating a group project related to the application of calculus. However, teachers should consider about the time because doing a project or watching a video will be time-consuming. Teachers require looking at why students made the mistakes and analysed what they should do to prevent similar mistakes among students. Students solve calculus problems using algorithms involving symbol concepts but they commonly forget to crosscheck the use of the symbol in their works. As a result, they made mistakes in using symbols which are shown in Appendix D. Furthermore, visual thinking is an important skill to abandon mistakes in finding solutions for calculus problems especially to find the area of the function. It happened because they did not draw the graph of the function. Meanwhile, students only will be able to identify the position of the graph either above or below the x-axis when they look the graph directly. Hence, teachers should be more aware that algebraic, symbol, and drawing the graph or visualisation are crucial concepts in learning calculus. Implementation in Indonesia One of the reasons why I wanted to explore the usefulness of mathematics and how to teach it in the classroom is the aim of teaching mathematics in Indonesia. Indonesia has adopted RME (Realistic Mathematics Education) from the Netherlands, and then known as PMRI (Pendidikan Matematika Realistik Indonesia) which correlates to teaching mathematics in real contexts and emphasises the application of mathematics (Sembiring, 2008). However, RME does not mean teachers have to involve the students in real activities but create a meaningful learning activity so that students can imagine it like they do reality (Van den Drijvers, 2014). Even though some previous researchers found that the implementation of PMRI in Indonesia had positive effects on students mathematics achievement (Armanto, 2002; Fauzan, 2002), Indonesia has not made relevant PMRI curriculum materials (Sembiring, 2008). Therefore, Indonesia still needs to develop some resources related to the implementation of PMRI. In addition, Indonesian mathematics teachers ability itself will be a difficulty in implementing teaching mathematics in real contexts. Although one of their concerns is connecting mathematics to the real world in order to encourage students to deal with their daily life problems (Zamroni, 2000), some of them are only able to teach instrumental understanding (Skemp, 1976) in the classroom so that students learn calculus as formulas without realising how they use it. Students just follow teachers instruction; memorising formulas, understanding the examples, and then solving the exercises. Undeniably, students own negative perspectives on mathematics, including the calculus, are due to this fact. Thus, teachers should find ways to improve these students perspectives in order to enhance their understanding and achievement in mathematics. Mathematics teachers can develop realistically applied mathematics in the classroom through the collection of realistic problems (Burkhardt, 1981) that provide an opportunity for students to apply their mathematical skills. Personally, there are some real-life problems that Indonesian teachers can use such as Max box. I am curious what will happen when I and other teachers use this problem before introducing calculus to the students, maybe, we will recognise kinds of methods from the students that we have never imagined before. Furthermore, Indonesian mathematics teachers should explore resources on the internet and use software like GSP in order to stimulate students sense of learning calculus. However, they may encounter further difficulty in using GSP or e-based learning method because not all of them can operate it and not every school has technological equipment as well as internet connection. Another point that Indonesian mathematics teachers should deem is students common mist akes in learning calculus. Teachers should be aware that students have to check their own work to find the mistakes because if they check by themselves, they likely will not repeat the same mistake. Teachers also have to check their students mistakes to analyse the reasons, then reviewing and correcting the misconceptions that student have from the mistakes. Conclusion Despite the fact that it is common that students feel calculus is difficult to be understood, solved and applied, I think there will be some solutions that teachers can do such as giving both realistic and unrealistic problems, using software, and watching application of calculus on videos. Besides these ways being likely to motivate and encourage students to learn calculus, these ways also can stimulate students using it in their real-life. However, teachers have to consider the practical problems for students and keep giving some routine problems to look closer what some misconceptions or mistakes that they made in doing calculus.

The Horrors of Colonialism and Imperialism in Conrads Heart of Darknes

     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   From the onset of the novella Heart of Darkness, the narrator Marlow compares his subsequent tale of colonialism with that of the Roman colonization of Northern Europe and the fascination associated with such an endeavor. However, throughout his narration, Marlow challenges this viewpoint by painting a heinous picture of the horrors of colonialist ventures. In the opening of his tale, Conrad, through Marlow, establishes his thoughts on colonialism. He says that conquerors only use brute force, "nothing to boast of" because it arises, by accident, from another's weakness. Marlow sees colonization as; "Robbery with violence, aggravated murder on a great scale, and men going at it blind - as it is very proper for those who tackle darkness." Furthermore, he sees such conquests as taking land and materials away from those people who "have a different complexion or slightly flatter noses." This epitomizes the futility in such an undertaking. Moreover as he understands it, colonization is only successful if there lies within it a "devotion to efficiency" and a creation of civilization, not exploitation (Conrad, 4). In his novella, through the eyes of his narrator Marlow, Conrad offers a frank critique of European imperial colonialism through the numerous oppositions of black and white and dark and light.   Through the individual characterization, Conrad creates the division between dark and light ... ...of Anthropology, Lawrence Univ.).  Ã‚   "Africa and Africans in Conrad's Heart of Darkness."  Ã‚   A Lawrence University Freshman Studies Lecture, 24 Jan. 1996.   Rpt. James Banks, Willamette Univ.; & Free Speech Television: http://www.freespeech.org/james/conrad/heart.htm (Accessed: Apr. 2002) Conrad, Joseph. Heart of Darkness, New York: Dover, 1990. Dintenfass, Mark. "Heart of Darkness: A Lawrence University Freshman Studies Lecture." 14 Mar. 1996. *http://www.acsu.buffalo.edu/~csicseri/dintenfass.htm* (2  Ã‚  April 2002). Hayes, Dorsha. "Heart of Darkness: An Aspect of the Shadow," Spring (1956): 43-47.. McLynn, Frank. Hearts of Darkness: The European Exploration of Africa. New York: Carol & Gey, 1992.

Aristotle and Happiness of the Soul Essay -- Philosophy Religion Essay

One of Aristotle’s conclusions in the first book of Nicomachean Ethics is that â€Å"human good turns out to be the soul’s activity that expresses virtue†(EN 1.7.1098a17). This conclusion can be explicated with Aristotle’s definitions and reasonings concerning good, activity of soul, and excellence through virtue; all with respect to happiness. Aristotle opens his argument with the statement: â€Å"the good has been well described as that at which everything aims†(1.1.1094a2). This premise means that all actions aim at an end that is good. Moreover, through this definition of good, there are numerous goods corresponding to numerous actions. How can we know which good is the best, or highest good? Aristotle introduces a hierarchy of goods. In order to have an end there must be an activity, yet â€Å"the product (of the activity) is by nature better than the activity†(1.1.1094a6). Rather, each end in turn aims for something else: another end. It seems that this hierarchy would perpetuate into infinity, however Aristotle establishes that there is an action that has an absolute end, meaning that the end aims at nothing else. The action that produces the absolute end is pursued â€Å"because of itself;† thus this end will be the highest and best good (1.2.1094a18-22). Further, Aristotle parallels the highest good with happiness: â€Å"As far as its name goes, most people virtually agree [about what the good is] †¦ (and) call it happiness†(1.4.1095a17-19). In order for happiness to fit Aristotle’s definition of the good it must be â€Å"unconditionally complete† meaning â€Å"choiceworthy in itself†(1.7.1097a34) and â€Å"self-sufficient† meaning â€Å"lacking nothing†(1.7.1097b15). To be the highest good happiness will need to be the â€Å"mos... ...Aristotle’s conclusion relates human good, activity of soul and excellence. It is this expression of virtue through action that allows happiness to be obtained. Such dependence on virtue sets the scene for Aristotle to examine virtue more closely. He will elaborate on the two parts of reasoning well (virtue). The first part of reasoning well is having the right desires to aim oneself at the right good and not just the apparent good. The second part of reasoning well is knowing how to get to this proper desire. This will be further elaborated in book two where Aristotle will explore what it means to reason well and what is means to be virtuous. Work Cited Aristotle. Nicomachean Ethics. Translated by Terence Irwin. Hackett Publishing Company: Indianapolis. 1985. Note: In citations, [] indicate translators additions, while ( ) indicate my own additions.

Contemporary societies Essay

The art of literature in contemporary societies has always led to more critical discussions between man and himself and between man and his neighbor. Literature pushes us to rethink our stance on normal societal norms and beliefs. Sula is such a work of art. It is the based on two women living at the †Bottom† in Ohio, a predominantly black community. Helen Wright is a socially conscious and quite a conservative woman. She has one daughter; Nel. Hannah Peace a beautiful flamboyant and a woman with many men at the Bottom is the mother of Sula. Sula is raised with Eva Peace, her grandmother who does not stifle her granddaughter’s freedom unlike Nel who comes from a restrictive household. Nel and Sula develop quite an inseparable and good friendship, a friendship that does not settle well with Helen who possesses grave misgivings due to the reputation of Sula’s mother however she does not object openly after her realization that Sula is a very polite house guest. After High School these two great friends diverge ways for 10 years. Sula goes to college where she experiences a new wave of sexual promiscuity much like her mother. Nel On the other hand is married by a Bottoms resident, Jude Green. Their separation last for period of three years before Sula comes back from the college and their relationship resumes without any hindrance. However, this relationship is cut short when Nel learns of the relationship between Sula and Jude. This affair ends both the relationship between Jude and Nel as well as that of Nel as Sula who leaves the bottom for three years. Nel is forced to raise her two children alone and she doesn’t communicate with Sula for the three years that she goes away. Their next meeting occurs when Sula is terribly sick and almost dying. Their last conversation before Sula dies constitutes the literary wealth of this masterpiece; it is the discussion between good and bad. She dies and is buried at the Bottom cemetery. Thereafter, Nel visits Eva Peace who is quite old and is kept in a nursing home where she tries to retell the moments she had together before Sula died. While walking home she begins to feel the loss of the relationship with the death of Sula, her single and true friend. Her judgment of Sula as bad begins to haunt her as she recalls an incident that happened when they were friends; the Chicken Little incident. Chicken little was a young boy who also lived at the Bottom. When playing on a tree, Sula lost grip and the child plunged in the river and drowned. They kept this secret for the whole of their lives. These are the memories that unsettled Nel emotionally, she begins to challenge the concepts of good and bad and the choices and sacrifices people make in life. Later on, she kills her drug addict sun as she struggles to raise his family single handedly. Sadly, we see her sitting and crying over Sula’s grave at then cemetery as the story comes to an end. The story questions the decisions that people make in life; the calls for a rethinking of common societal problems. Critics mention the humor in the novel. For example the place called bottom is actually at the mountain top. The creation of binary oppositions in the novel not only makes it too interesting and informative but also lets the reader glance at the depth of common conventions in the community and the effect these societal conventions have on the lives of children who are supposed to be brought up in a comparatively free world where people are supposed to make free will. Satire as a theme is also developed in the story and it fuse well with the binary notion. The complexity of characters in the story conveys an account of human flaws in decision making and in the way we relate to other people in the community. While parents do everything in their power to ensure that their children justifiably lead a good life, little is done in ensuring that the children also get freedom. This makes the children not to acquire their own experiences in life but only proceed to copy the characters of their parents and grandparents. The fact that Sula turned out to be an exact replica of her mother and grandmother is an attestation to this fact. The book is feminine masterpiece and there is also an element of female chauvinism. This can be justified by the fact that all the major characters in the book are women and their actions are affected by men in a very little sense. Jude, Chicken Little and Nel’s son who became a drug addict after leaving the army are all victims of the women’s stereotyped dispositions. Shadrack being physically and emotionally scarred fro the experience of war is disowned and almost excommunicated by the community without the community fully understanding the reasons behind his behavior. Let us now give a critical analysis of Sula, the main character. Sula is the major influence on his friend Nel. Sula has been influenced by her mother leading to the passage of what can be argued to be a bad character trait through generations. Eva is a strong woman. She has endured loneliness, abject poverty but she is proud and unrelenting. Sula is quite an extraordinary woman, she is energetic but she has no suitable outlet to release her energies. This makes her potentially dangerous in that that she has no knowledge of wrongdoing. She does not understand that she sins when she sleeps with men and carelessly tosses them aside. Her sin is unintentional. The community, however do not understand the context of her upbringing or they simply do not care. They despise her but tolerate her. One very interesting aspect is that Sula is quite independent in her isolation, she does what she pleases and she simply does not care what everybody else does. She lives her the way it pleases her effectively earning her isolation from the community. After her death the rules shift suddenly, there is a renewed sense of acceptance, of defining right and wrong, good and bad. It is important to try and delve into the reasons why Nel and Sula united even after Sula betrayed their friendship by having an affair with Nel’s husband, Jude. Nel realizes that Sula was neither good nor evil; she was just indifferent to everything and everybody. Wives had to put extra effect in making sure that their husbands do not fall into bed with Sula, children were treated better so that they don’t grow into adults who are indifferent and uncaring like Sula. This is good fortune to the bottom community because they were held together in the rethinking process. Remember the National Suicide day? After Sula’s death the community did not have any productive outlet to channel their energies, they could not just sit and talk and so they become enraged and tear up the tunnel the result of unfocused energy. This eventual realization went a long way in ensuring that the residents of Bottom engaged in productive work for their survival. If Sula would have directed her energy to something else, maybe something a little more worthwhile would have resulted. Racial prejudice is highlighted when Jude is denied a chance to engage in the building of anew bridge, because of the color of his skin; he is denied the opportunity even though he is willing to do something productive. He stands in line for six days while the white boys get an opportunity to build the new River Road, his job at the hotel is demeaning and an insult to his masculinity. The scarcity of job opportunities remains to be the why Eva and Hannah had very little chance of gainful employment. They had to contend with the injustices being meted out on them because they were females and most importantly black. To escape the pangs of hunger in the winter, they have to prepare canned food in the summer. The life of Sula Peace, her childhood and her death in 1941is surrounded by the inability of the environment to shape her into a ‘good’ woman The black community residing in Medallion; â€Å"the bottom† is judgmental but not in any way assisting to solve the crisis within itself. Sula’s life story shows us how the community and family can shape somebody’s identity. She not only displays how children are nurtured but also her later relationship with the same community who natured her. She is a strong independent character but the community does not see her positive potentiality. To go against these societal norms she is not married and she sleeps around. The Peace family has been frowned upon by the Bottom community. This could have elicited an element of antagonism from Sula because she does not follow accepted societal conventions but in this case she is the protagonist and not the community. The novel poses her as the central character and the community constitutes only bits and pieces that seem to knit her life together in a predetermined fashion from the time of her birth to death. If change is to take place the community remains the playing field and Sula undoubtedly remains one of the players in the field. Whether she deserved to be rewarded for fearlessly instigating the rethinking process is not a matter of discussion as it is evident that her one and truly friend had in her own way knowingly or unknowingly lent credit to her stance in life by crying over her grave at the cemetery after realizing what Sula stood for. The character Sula is structure less, that any character interaction with her only invokes an element of structurelessness. This is because philosophically her evil is not her own but a reflection of what had been unknowingly imparted in her. Fortunately, her story is one where what is regarded as evil triggered change in the society. In analyzing one of the important masterpieces in the history of black American writing it is prudent to expunge on the growth of protagonism and non conformism in the society. The society’s vilification of the ‘heroine’ Sula who does not fit into the society’s conformation of a heroine is a classic example of the inability of a people to look within themselves and try to solve the problems within its own structures. Works Cited Daniel Dawkins: A Character Analysis of Sula; Considering Morrison’s Main Character as the Protagonist. 2008

The secret of great teachers

Long ago, famous teachers did not go to monthly seminars before they can teach. They did not prepare lesson plans every night or prepare visual aids and powerpoint presentations and sophisticated audiovisual materials to accompany their talk. Yet they were regarded as great and influential teachers of our time. Why, you want to ask. Were they simply lucky to be good at public speaking? I’m talking about how Confucius teach, just one of the many teachers who made their names in our history not just for their teachings but for the way they reach to their audiences. All of these teachers used instructional method so that their followers can better understand and thus follow their teachings. Confucius, in particular, used presentation (or lecture) and demonstration when he teaches. Even today, these modes of instructions are still used. Confucius believes that for his disciples and followers to understand and adopt his teachings, he must live them and be an example. Demonstration is teaching by example, and this was what Confucius did. He also gave lectures, as this was the commonly used instructional method even before. Lectures serve well in sharing information to the audience, relaying history, theories and backgrounds and experiences. A lecture reaches a large number of people at one time. Although lectures are usually a one-way mode of communication, Confucius allows his followers to ask him questions. Through this answer-and-question portion, which Jesus also used when teaching, the followers can gain more insight and feedback from the teacher. Moreover, Confucius believes that through discussion he can reach to every individual he teaches. Aside from this, he knows that each person calls for different instructional approach to learn. Due to this, he used the educational approach in leading his followers towards the good life. Confucius, Jesus and Socrates, just to name a few, saw the importance of these methods for many reasons. Socrates believed in involving his students in a dialogue to argue a point. Jesus engaged his followers in question-and-answer sessions to give and share information. They used demonstration and presentation because they are very effective, evidenced by the many people who accepted their beliefs. These people further grasped their teachings by establishing churches and religions and keeping beliefs to honor their teachers. Just the number of their followers is enough evidence to show that they have maximized the potential of the instructional method they used. As for me, I think demonstration and presentation are very effective, whether in a classroom or domestic setting. Parents lecture their children about many things so that they learn, and they live as examples to their children by living what they preach. Even at school, these methods prove useful because students learn by what they see from their teachers. A survey of the most effective methods for instruction to address academic differences was conducted among teachers. The majority thinks that small group/cooperative learning is the most effective method. Modeling (demonstration) is ranked second, and question and answer, group discussion, individual instruction and lecture are ranked third. The teachers cited reasons why they think the methods are effective. First, learners have the chance to help and learn from each other throughout. This method refers to group discussions, experiments or projects. Then, teachers provide support and provide learning in different and multiple ways. They have the opportunity to share important ideas, give feedback and remediation, and help students to be on track by reinforcing structure and organization. REFERENCE Treat, Alena R., Ying Wang, Rajat Chadha and Michael Hart Dixon. (2006). Major Development in Instructional Technology: Prior to the 20th Century.